Animals send signals without words
Animal communication is non-verbal, but it can still be highly specific. Some animals use visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory signals to share information.Communication: How Animals Exchange Information
Some warnings are predator-specific
The idea that animals cannot refer to outside threats is challenged by real cases. Vervet monkeys, Gunnison's prairie dogs, and red squirrels use different warning signals for different predators.Communication: How Animals Exchange Information
