Plato's Academy mosaic, made between 100 BCE and 79 CE, shows many Greek philosophers and scholars.

A forgotten critic shook Aristotle

In Byzantium, John Philoponus challenged Aristotle’s physics and introduced the theory of impetus.

John Philoponus: The Medieval Spark Behind Galileo

Detailed close-up of 19th-century handwritten documents and antique books.

Ideas that time‑traveled

His sharp critiques survived through texts across a millennium.

John Philoponus: The Medieval Spark Behind Galileo

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