The woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) was a huge, shaggy rhino that roamed the cold mammoth steppe across northern Eurasia during the Pleistocene. About the size of a modern white rhino, it carried a massive forward-pointing horn and a fat-filled hump, grazing mainly on tough, abrasive grasses and forbs. Exceptionally preserved carcasses in permafrost, along with cave paintings and butchered bones, reveal its appearance, ecology, and close contact with Neanderthals and early modern humans. As climate warmed rapidly around 15–14,000 years ago and its grassland habitat shrank, fragmented populations collapsed; low-level human hunting likely helped push the species to extinction.