Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and Hellenistic royal diadem worn over the head, now in the Altes Museum[1][3][436]

Rome Declared War on Cleopatra

In 32 BCE, Rome formally declared war on Cleopatra VII, not on her ally Mark Antony. Rome presented Cleopatra as the enemy.

Cleopatra’s Fall: When Egypt Became Roman

The Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BClabel QS:Len,"The Battle of Actium, 2 September 31 BC"label QS:Lar,"لوحة معركة أكتيوم، بريشة الفنان لوريس كاسترو ، 1672"label QS:Lel,"Η ναυμαχία του Ακτίου, 2 September 31 πΧ"

A Sea Battle Decided Egypt’s Fate

On 2 September 31 BCE, Octavian fought Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. Octavian’s fleet won.

Cleopatra’s Fall: When Egypt Became Roman

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