A cheerful Nigerian man wearing traditional attire smiles outdoors in Abuja.

A migration that reshaped a continent

Bantu‑speaking farmers left northwestern Cameroon between 5000 and 3000 BC, moving in waves across Africa.

Africa: The Bantu Expansion

Top view of an anvil and hammer in a blacksmith's workshop with scattered tools.

Two great streams

A western stream followed coasts and Congo rivers. An eastern stream skirted rainforests, adopted ironworking, and reached near Lake Victoria.

Africa: The Bantu Expansion

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